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pouvoir: to be able, can, may
je peux I can
il/elle/on peut he/she/one can
vous pouvez you (polite) can
vouloir: to want
je veux I want
il/elle/on veut he/she/one want(s)
vous voulez you (polite) want
devoir: to have to, should
je dois I have to
il/elle/on doit he/she/it/one has to
vous devez you (polite) have to
A future verb tense is also very easily represented by  go to (in the sense of intention, not
movement) and can, in many cases, be replaced with the future conjugation for a somewhat similar
meaning.
aller: to go to
je vais I am going to
il/elle/on va he/she/one is going to
vous allez you (polite) are going to
For much more on French, see fi3m.com/french.
Italian
Italian is another phonetic language, although a few letter-combination pronunciations take some
getting used to, such as ci, ce, and gl. As in Spanish, feminine words tend to end with an a, masculine
words with an o, apart from similar exceptions mentioned in most courses.
As with the other languages, learning some modal verbs can help you create complete sentences
much more easily:
potere: to be able, can
posso I can
può he/she/it/you (polite) can
possiamo we can
volere: to want
voglio I want
vuole he/she/it/you (polite) want(s)
vogliamo we want
dovere: should, have to, must
devo I should
deve he/she/it/you (polite) should
dobbiamo we should
Follow these with an action verb in its dictionary (infinitive) form, such as voglio trovare for  I
want to find. To include the future tense in any discussion, just use the standard present form of the
verb paired with a time (domani for  tomorrow, for instance), and this will be correct Italian in most
cases.
For more tips on Italian, see fi3m.com/italian.
Portuguese
Portuguese is also very phonetic and similar to Spanish in the way you recognize noun genders.
Fortunately, you need only three conjugations (at least in most Brazilian Portuguese dialects) to
cover all possibilities, because the third person covers he/she, you, and we. The third person is
rendered as a gente, similar to French s on ( one, as in  one does not like this ). When using this
form, it s best to place the a gente before the conjugation, such as a gente pode.
The following can be quite useful conjugations to learn:
poder: to be able, can, may
posso I can
pode he/she/it/you/one can
podem they can
querer: to want
quero I want
quer he/she/it/you/one want(s)
querem they want
ter que: to have to
tenho que I have to
tem que he/she/it/you/one has/have to
têm que they have to
For much more on Portuguese, see fi3m.com/portuguese.
Germanic Languages
A little closer to home, we have the Germanic languages. This is the branch of the linguistic family on
which our own English rests. As such, there are a lot of things we share in common with German,
Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, and Afrikaans.
Unlike English, however, these languages tend to be very much phonetic, in that the spelling and
pronunciation rules (apart from borrowed English words, which are more common than you think) are
consistent. Those rules may be different than what you are used to, but once you learn them, you can
generally pronounce any word that you see spelled out.
Endless remnants of what German and English have in common crop up often, and the grammar
feels eerily familiar, especially for anyone who has read Shakespeare. Several hundred years ago,
English s  you was actually the plural version of the word that is today s all-encompassing singular
and plural  you.  Thou is not that far off the sound of today s German and Norwegian du. And
 thine compares with the German dein. From  thee we have dich. Even the conjugation follows the
same pattern of  Thou hast, Du hast. Keeping this in mind has helped German conjugation feel a
little more familiar to me.
But where these Germanic languages start to make more sense is in their common vocabulary.
As always, for whatever language you are learning, make sure to find a list of cognates. In
German/Dutch/Swedish,  apple is Apfel/appel/apple,  arm and  April are both exactly the same in
all three languages,  foot is Fuß/voet/fot, and  book is Buch/boek/bok (in the two latter examples, oe
is the oo sound in Dutch). There are countless others.
In this case, you can actually apply the opposite advice from the Romance languages section,
where I mention considering more formal words in English to find possible cognates. With these
languages, find less formal words not slang though, as the words need to be more likely a part of
older English. So, while French and Spanish have entrer and entrar to resemble our  enter, the
alternative of  come in also has Germanic equivalents. In German, it s (her)einkommen. Rather than
use a word like  consider, if you opt for  think (about), you ll find that denken is  think in German
and Dutch. Generally, words for parts of the body, many animals, and tools tend to be quite similar or
even exactly the same.
While we certainly have lots in common, Germanic languages are also slightly more likely than
other languages to borrow words from English. You ll find these among any lists of cognates.
In German, for instance, Flat Rate is used to describe cell-phone contracts. There s also Interview
(in the context of a TV or celebrity interview), cool (as in  great, not cold temperatures), Jeans,
Jetlag, Job, Musical, Party, Sandwich, Scanner, Toast, Top Ten, unfair, Website, and many others. If
the German word associated with technology or something trendy, it may be possible to use the
English word, but you can confirm this in a list of cognates.
Germanic languages also borrow words from other languages English has borrowed from, such as
Restaurant, Charme, Cousin, Dessert, Hotel, Omelette, Prinz, Tourist, Zigarette, and many other [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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